PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE (PID): A CROSS SECTIONAL PROSPECTIVE STUDY AT A TERTIARY CARE CENTRE
Main Article Content
Abstract
Introduction : Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the upper part of the female reproductive system namely the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries, and inside of the pelvis. Objective: to find out the clinical profile of PID in a tertiary care centre. Methods: This was a cross sectional, descriptive study conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, during period from January to December2016. Total 200 patients complaining of lower abdominal pain, vaginal discharge & having adnexal as well as cervical motion tenderness on bimanual examination between the age group of 18 -45 years were randomly selected for study. Parameters like age, parity, socio-economic status, age of marriage, sexual behavior, Presenting complaints and use of contraceptive were recorded. Results: Most common age group was 20-24 years (29.5%). Maximum number of cases was seen in parity between 2-5 (58%). PID was commonest amongst illiterate women (36%). Maximum number of cases was seen in women from lower socioeconomic class (74%). Out of 200 cases, 79% patients were married, 14% were remarried. Presenting complaints were pain in abdomen (93.5%), per vaginal discharge (66%), fever (51%). Abdominal tenderness was seen in 95% of cases. Palpable mass was present in 11% of cases. Forniceal & cervical motion tenderness were the commonest Per Vaginal examination findings seen in 89% & 84% cases respectively. Conclusion: Incidence of PID was higher in age group between 20-29 years, multipara, women from lower socioeconomic class & illiterate women. Pain in lower abdomen, per vaginal discharge & fever were the commonest complaints. Most of the patients on examination had forniceal & cervical motion tenderness.
Article Details
Section
The journal allows the author(s) to hold the copyright without restrictions and will retain publishing rights without restrictions.
The submitted papers are assumed to contain no proprietary material unprotected by patent or patent application; responsibility for technical content and for protection of proprietary material rests solely with the author(s) and their organizations and is not the responsibility of the journal. The main (first/corresponding) author is responsible for ensuring that the article has been seen and approved by all the other authors. It is the responsibility of the author to obtain all necessary copyright release permissions for the use of any copyrighted materials in the manuscript prior to the submission.
What are my rights as an author?
It is important to check the policy for the journal to which you are submitting or publishing to establish your rights as
Author. Journal's standard policies allow the following re-use rights:
- The journal allows the author(s) to hold the copyright without restrictions.
- The journal allows the author(s) to obtain publishing rights without restrictions.
- You may do whatever you wish with the version of the article you submitted to the journal.
- Once the article has been accepted for publication, you may post the accepted version of the article on your own personal website, your department's website or the repository of your institution without any restrictions.
- You may not post the accepted version of the article in any repository other than those listed above (i.e. you may not deposit in the repository of another institution or a subject-matter repository) until 12 months after publication of the article in the journal.
- You may use the published article for your own teaching needs or to supply on an individual basis to research colleagues, provided that such supply is not for commercial purposes.
References
Mitchell C,Prabhu M. Pelvic inflammatory disease-current concepts in pathogenesis, diagnosis & treatment. Infectious disease clinics of North America.2013;27 (4): 793–809.
Brunham RC, Gottlieb SL, Paavonen J. Pelvic inflammatory disease. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2015; 372 (21): 2039–48.
Rohrbeck P. Pelvic inflammatory disease among female recruit trainees, active component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2002-2012. MSMR 2013; 20(9): 15-8.
Wiesenfeld HC, Hillier SL, Meyn LA, Amortegui AJ, Sweet RL. Subclinical pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility. Obstet Gynecol 2012; 120(1): 37-43.
French CE, Hughes G, Nicholson A. Estimation of the rate of pelvic inflammatory disease diagnoses: trends in England, 2000-2008. Sex Transm Dis. 2011; 38: 158-62.
Oroz C, Bailey H, Hollows K, Lee J, Mullan H, TheobaldN. A national audit on the management of pelvic inflammatory disease in UK genitourinary medicine clinics. Int J STD AIDS 2012; 23(1): 53-4.
Garcia G, Vera R, ElMasri W. Pelvic inflammatory disease in a postmenopausal patient with bilateral tubal ligation. El Paso Physician. 2006; 30(1):21–22.
Spencer TH, Umeh PO, Irokanulo E. Bacterial isolates associated with pelvic inflammatory disease among female patients attending some hospitals in Abuja, Nigeria. Afr J Infect Dis. 2014; 8(1): 9-13.
Davies B, Turner K, Ward H. Risk of pelvic inflammatory disease after Chlamydia infection in a prospective cohort of sex workers. Sex Transm Dis 2013; 40(3): 230-4.
Herzog SA, Althaus CL, Heijne JC. Timing of progression from Chlamydia trachomatis infection to pelvic inflammatory disease: a mathematical modeling study. BMC Infect Dis 2012;12:187.
Schindlbeck C, Dziura D, Mylonas I. Diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): Intra-operative findings and comparison of vaginal and intra-abdominal cultures. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2014;289(6): 1263-9.
Sweet RL. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Current Concepts of Diagnosis and Management. Curr Infect Dis Rep, 2012; 14(2): 194-203.
McGowin CL, Anderson-Smits C. Mycoplasma genitalium: an emerging cause of sexually transmitted disease in women. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7(5): e1001324.
Maget V, Gromez A, Roman H, Verspyck E, Marpeau L. Pelvic inflammatory disease and intrauterine contraceptive device. Monocentric continuous study of 70 cases over 5 years. Gynecol Obstet Fertil 2013; 41(7-8): 437-8
Rachana Pachori, Nikhilesh Kulkarni. Studies on the incidence of pelvic inflammatory diseases and associated clinical consequences in reproductive women. World journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences.2016. 5(3), 1329-37.
Elie Nkwabong , Madye A.N. Dingom .Acute Pelvic Inflammatory Disease in Cameroon: A Cross Sectional Descriptive Study . African Journal of Reproductive Health. December 2015; 19(4):87
Ahmed , S Parvin , DR Shah , P Begum , L Sanjowal, MK Hassan , KM Arif. Clinical Profile of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID). Faridpur Med. Coll. J. 2017;12(1):25-30
Quan M. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Diagnosis and management. J AM Broad fam Pract. 2003; 7(2):110-23.
Patel Sv, Baxi RK, Kotecha PV, Mazumdar VS, Bakshi HN, Mehta KG. A Case-control study of pelvic inflammatory disease and its association with multiparity among patients attending SSG Hospital, Vadodara, Gujarat. Indian Journal of Clinical Practice,2013;24( 3):1